415 “round face deep lined”: “Beggar No Chooser,” Time, July 20, 1931.
416 “Not since those days of July 1914”: “Beggar No Chooser,” Time, July 20, 1931.
417 “they had come to a decisive point”: Bennett, Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis, 236.
417 “On the ruins of the wealth”: Einzig, Behind the Scenes of International Finance, vii.
417 “Never has the incapacity of the economic leaders”: “Schacht Arraigns Capitalist Greed,” New York Times, July 11, 1931.
418 the Danatbank had failed to open: “German Banks Curb Runs by Depositors,” New York Times, July 14, 1931.
419 “resigned passivity”: Guido Enderis, “Berliners Calm in Money Crisis,” New York Times, July 17, 1931.
419 “much struck by the emptiness,” “In such circumstances”: E. L. Woodward and R. Butler, eds., Documents on British Foreign Policy, 2: 225-26.
420 “the program to be executed”: “Hitler Unites Ranks of the Old Germany to War on Brüning,” New York Times, October 12, 1931.
20: GOLD FETTERS
422 “Lo! thy dread empire Chaos!”: Alexander Pope quote from Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 313.
424 Macmillan Report: Williams, “London and the 1931 Financial Crisis.”
425 “nervous dyspepsia”: Addiss Papers, August 5, 1931, quoted in Kynaston, The City of London: Illusions of Gold, 234.
425 “Can’t he be persuaded”: Letter from Leffingwell to Jack Morgan, July 28. 1931, quoted in Kunz, The Battle for Britain’s Gold Standard, 107.
425 “Feeling queer”: Bank of England, Norman Diary, July 29, 1931.
425 “prejudice, ignorance, and panic”: Taylor, English History, 288.
427 “It certainly is a tragically comical situation”: Webb, Diary, 253. 10 Downing Street: Harold Callender, “A Picture of Britain in the Time of Crisis,” New York Times, August 30, 1931.
427 “pandemonium had broken loose”: Boyle, Montagu Norman, 272-73.
428 “What the City did”: Howe, World Diary, 115.
429 “It is now clearly certain”: Keynes, “Letter to Ramsay MacDonald,” August 5, 1931, in Collected Writings, 20: 591-93.
429 “the most wrong and foolish things”: Keynes, “Speech to Members of Parliament,” September 16, 1931, in Collected Writings, 20: 607-11.
429 “admit quite frankly that the way out”: Moggridge, Maynard Keynes, 525.
430 “rose to his feet, his eyes flashing”: Williams, Nothing So Strange, 105.
431 “Going off the gold standard”: Jones, Diary, 32-33, quoted in Brendon, The Dark Valley, 164.
431 “Nothing more heartening has happened”: “Run,” Time, September 28, 1931.
432 gold “is dug up out of a hole in Africa”: Manchester, The Last Lion, 862.
432 Charlie Chaplin, as a guest at Chartwell: Boothby, Recollections of a Rebel, 51.
432 “chuckling like a boy”: Rolph, Kingsley, 164, quoted in Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 397.
432 “There are few Englishmen who do not rejoice”: Keynes, “The End of the Gold Standard,” in the Sunday Express, September 27, 1931, in Collected Writings: Essays in Persuasion, 9:245-49.
432 “tragic act of abdication”: Bonn, Wandering Scholar, 318-19.